書藏古今，港通天下。寧波是一座向海而生，因港而興的城市。為了向世界講好寧波故事，寧波發(fā)布推出“雙語(yǔ)寧波”欄目，圍繞歷史、地理、人文、經(jīng)濟(jì)等多個(gè)方面聚焦“世界的寧波，寧波的世界”。
作為海上絲綢之路的起點(diǎn)城市之一，寧波自古就和世界各地往來(lái)密切。我們跟著寧波晚報(bào)“外國(guó)檔案里的寧波”欄目，帶大家換個(gè)視角，看看外國(guó)檔案里的寧波是什么樣子？
88年前，他將上林湖越窯遺址推向世界！這份前緣能否再續(xù)？
88 Years Ago, He Introduced the Shanglin Lake Yue Kiln Site to the World! Can This Predecessor Bond Be Renewed?
位于浙江寧波北部的慈溪有著中國(guó)“秘色瓷都”的美譽(yù)，這里的越窯始于東漢，終于南宋，綿延千年，是中國(guó)持續(xù)時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)的窯系。越窯集中地上林湖被稱為世界最大的“露天青瓷博物館”，也是皇室御用“秘色瓷”的唯一原產(chǎn)地。
Cixi County, located in the northern part of Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, is renowned as “the capital of Mi-se Porcelain” in China. The Yue Kilns here represents the longest-lasting cluster of kilns in China, spanning over a thousand years from the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 AD) to the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279 AD). Shanglin Lake, home to most of the Yue Kilns, is celebrated as the world’s largest open-air celadon museum and the sole origin of the imperial Mi-se Porcelain.
1935年7月，美國(guó)人普拉瑪（美國(guó)著名古陶瓷學(xué)家，密歇根大學(xué)亞洲藝術(shù)教授）從上海輾轉(zhuǎn)來(lái)到慈溪上林湖考察，拍下了若干張?jiān)礁G遺址照片，并于一年半后，在國(guó)際刊物上發(fā)出了這些照片和三篇文章，系統(tǒng)性地向世界介紹上林湖與越窯秘色瓷。
In July 1935, James Marshall Plumer (1899-1960), a renowned American ancient ceramics scholar and Professor of Asian Art at the University of Michigan, traveled to Shanglin Lake in Cixi from Shanghai and conducted field investigations. He took several photographs of the Yue Kiln site and, a year and a half later, published these images alongside three academic papers in international journals, systematically introducing Shanglin Lake and the secret-color porcelain of the Yue Kiln to the world.
從現(xiàn)有研究來(lái)看，普拉瑪是第一位實(shí)地考察研究上林湖越窯遺址的西方學(xué)者。
According to existing research, Plumer was the first Western scholar to conduct on-site investigations and studies of the Shanglin Lake Yue Kiln site.
陶瓷研究者驚嘆秘色瓷小屋
Researcher awed by“The capital of Mi-se Porcelain”
普拉瑪于1921年獲得哈佛大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位，1923年加入中國(guó)海關(guān)，曾在上海等多地工作。普拉瑪和妻子卡蘿的共同愛(ài)好是尋訪各地古窯址收集瓷片。
Plumer, a Harvard graduate of 1921, joined the Customs Service in China in 1923. He worked in several cities, including Shanghai. James and his wife Carol shared a hobby of visiting ancient kiln sites to collect porcelain shards.
1935年5月15日，被后人尊稱為“中國(guó)陶瓷考古之父”的陳萬(wàn)里首次踏上了上林湖這片土地，成為第一個(gè)實(shí)地調(diào)查研究越窯窯址的中國(guó)學(xué)者。同年7月，普拉瑪也來(lái)到上林湖考察。
On May 15, 1935, Chen Wanli, honored as the “father of Chinese ceramic archaeology”, arrived at Shanglin Lake for the first time, becoming the first Chinese scholar to investigate the Yue Kilns site. Coincidentally, Plumer traveled to the same area in July of the same year.
普拉瑪是如何來(lái)到上林湖的？他發(fā)表的三篇關(guān)于上林湖秘色瓷的文章中，首篇對(duì)此有詳細(xì)記述。
Why did Plumer decide to go to Shanglin Lake? He gives a detailed account in the first of three articles he published on the Mi-se Porcelain of Shanglin Lake.
1935年春天，一個(gè)中國(guó)朋友給了他三件相似的灰綠釉瓷片，說(shuō)是窯址里出的，但窯址在哪兒不得而知。追根溯源，普拉瑪?shù)弥@些瓷片來(lái)自杭州周邊。普拉瑪從上海到了杭州，并打聽(tīng)到了上林湖的位置，在時(shí)任之江大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)的美國(guó)人費(fèi)佩德和身處余姚的傳教士鄧肯共同協(xié)助下，于1935年7月上旬來(lái)到了上林湖南岸調(diào)研。
In the spring of 1935, a Chinese friend gave Plumer three pieces of gray-green glazed porcelain that closely resembled each other, claiming they were from an unknown kiln site. After research, Plumer discovered that these pieces originated from an area near Hangzhou. Determined to pinpoint the exact location, Plumer traveled from Shanghai to Hangzhou and managed to find out about Shanglin Lake. With assistance from Robert Ferris Fitch, president of Hangchow Christian College, and a missionary in Yuyao, Plumer arrived at the south bank of Shanglin Lake in early July 1935.
普拉瑪在這篇文章中還寫道：“迄今為止，外界對(duì)制造著名越窯瓷器的上林湖遺址知之甚少。”可見(jiàn)，當(dāng)時(shí)很少有人知道上林湖是越窯秘色瓷的故鄉(xiāng)。
Plumer wrote, “As yet, the outer world knows little of the site at Shang Lin Hu, where the famous Yueh ware was made.” Evidently, few of his contemporaries were aware that Shanglin Lake was the home of the Yue Kilns’ Mi-se Porcelain.
普拉瑪在上林湖看到了什么？從他發(fā)表在刊物上的照片可窺一斑。在一張照片中，普拉瑪將自己的帽子作為參照物放在破碎的瓷器匣缽中間，這些瓷片大小一般是帽子的三分之一大，層層疊疊地?cái)D在一起。
What did Plumer see at Shanglin Lake? The photos he published can reveal the story. In one photo, Plumer placed his hat as a reference in the middle of a broken porcelain sagger. The shards within the sagger appeared to be mostly one-third the size of the hat.
另一張照片上，生活在越窯遺址附近的村民正在走動(dòng)，他們身后的房子整面墻都是用瓷片壘起來(lái)的。普拉瑪將這樣的房子稱為秘色瓷小屋，他驚嘆道：只有德國(guó)梅森瓷器或法國(guó)塞夫勒皇室瓷器碎片蓋的小屋可以與之相提并論。
In another photo, villagers near the Shanglin Lake Yue Kiln Site stroll about, with an entire wall of a house behind them constructed from porcelain fragments. Plumer dubbed such a structure a “Mi-se Porcelain hut”, noting that such a rare sight could only be found in Germany’s Meissen and France’s Sèvres.
普拉瑪此行發(fā)現(xiàn)了三個(gè)窯址，他在發(fā)表的文章中都標(biāo)出了位置。根據(jù)普拉瑪考察線路以及山形對(duì)比，青瓷文化志愿者徐偉明和慈溪越窯研究專家確認(rèn)其中一個(gè)是荷花芯窯址，另外兩個(gè)已經(jīng)被新建村莊和道路掩蓋。
On his trip, Plumer discovered three ancient kilns, which he marked on a map in his published article. Using Plumer’s route and landscape feature comparisons, Xu Weiming，a volunteer for celadon cultureand other Yue Kiln researchers in Cixi confirmed that one of them is the Hehuaxin kiln, which still exists. The other two, however, have since been covered by new villages and roads.
三篇文章將上林湖越窯遺址推向世界
Three Articles Bring Global Attention
普拉瑪對(duì)上林湖越窯遺址考察的第一篇報(bào)告刊登在1937年3月13日出版的英國(guó)《倫敦新聞畫報(bào)》上，文章標(biāo)題是《消失已久的浙江窯址，珍貴的宋代陶瓷被挖掘出來(lái)用作建筑材料》，副標(biāo)題是《發(fā)現(xiàn)世界著名的秘色瓷源頭》，這篇文章披露了普拉瑪在越窯窯址的考察過(guò)程。
Plumer's first report on the investigation of the Yue Kiln sites at Shanglin Lake was appeared in the March 13, 1937 issue of The Illustrated London News, with the title “Long-Lost Chekiang Kiln-Sites, Where Precious Sung Pottery is Dug out for Building Material!” and the subtitle “The Origin of the World-Famous ‘Secret Colour’ Ware Discovered”. This article explains studies Plumer conducted at the Shanglin Lake Yue Kiln Site.
此前，雖有人留下上林湖的湖景照，窯址模糊不清，在這篇文章中發(fā)布的照片是清晰的窯址照，填補(bǔ)了20世紀(jì)30年代上林湖窯址影像空白。
Previously, although some people left photos of the lake view of Shanglin Lake, the kiln sites were blurred. The photographs in Plumer’s article provide a clear view of the sites, offering their first known images from the 1930s.
他在1937年3月20日的《倫敦新聞畫報(bào)》上，又發(fā)表標(biāo)題為《發(fā)現(xiàn)著名的宋代秘色瓷源頭》、副標(biāo)題為《珍貴的越窯瓷片，包括在中國(guó)發(fā)現(xiàn)的最早的紀(jì)年銘文瓷》一文。
In the March 20, 1937 issue of The Illustrated London News, Plumer published an article titled “The Source of the Celebrated Sung ‘Secret Colour’ Ware Discovered”, with the subtitle “Precious Yueh Shards, Including the Earliest Pottery Dating Found in China”.
1937年下半年，普拉瑪又在美國(guó)《伊斯蘭藝術(shù)》上發(fā)表了題為《一些來(lái)自薩馬拉的青瓷碎片找到了它們的來(lái)源》的文章。他表示“一些薩馬拉遺址發(fā)掘的青瓷片不僅被證實(shí)是一種珍稀的中國(guó)陶瓷——越窯或秘色瓷，而且可以追索到這些瓷器的源頭制造地——浙江寧波附近的一個(gè)小湖，上林湖的南岸”。也就是說(shuō)，他確認(rèn)了在伊拉克發(fā)現(xiàn)的瓷片來(lái)自上林湖。普拉瑪?shù)挠^點(diǎn)后被當(dāng)代考古學(xué)家證實(shí)。
In late 1937, Plumer released yet another article titled “Certain Celadon Potsherds from Samarra Traced to Their Source” in the American publication Ars Islamica. He stated that “...several of the celadon shards from Samarra may not only now be identified with one of the rarest Chinese wares, the ware of Yueh or pi-se-yao, but that they many also be traced to their original place of manufacture on the southern shores of a small lake, the Shang Lin Hu, near Ningpo, Chekiang.” In other words, Plumer believed that certain porcelain shards found in Iraq came from Shanglin Lake. Plumer’s view was later confirmed by contemporary archaeologists.
可見(jiàn)，唐宋時(shí)期，越窯青瓷在上林湖及周邊燒制好后，從明州港被運(yùn)走，送往亞洲各地。也正因?yàn)槿绱?，普拉瑪?duì)上林湖越窯遺址的文化價(jià)值予以了高度評(píng)價(jià)，“無(wú)論怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)越窯窯址的重要性都不為過(guò)。進(jìn)一步的調(diào)查，包括系統(tǒng)性的考古發(fā)掘，有望填補(bǔ)中國(guó)陶瓷史上的巨大空白?！?/span>
It can be inferred that during the Tang and Song dynasties, Yue Kiln celadon was produced at Shanglin Lake and its surrounding regions, then shipped from the port of Mingzhou to various parts of Asia. It was for this reason that Plumer attached high cultural value to the Yue Kiln sites at Shanglin Lake. “It is well-nigh impossible to over-emphasize the significance of this Yueh ware site. Further investigation, including, it is to be hoped, systematic excavation, promises to fill in a tremendous gap in the history of Chinese ceramics.”
當(dāng)三篇文章靜靜地躺在文獻(xiàn)中時(shí)，有人在努力探尋上林湖越窯秘色瓷遺址的海外傳播路徑。這個(gè)人就是徐偉明。
While the three articles lay awaiting discovery in the archives, Xu Weiming worked to bring global recognition to the Shanglin Lake Yue Kiln Site.
徐偉明喜歡越窯青瓷已多年，2021年，他從一位北京建盞愛(ài)好者分享的圖片中偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了普拉瑪來(lái)過(guò)上林湖的線索，但是得到的信息很有限。去年正月初一，他在檢索英文學(xué)術(shù)文獻(xiàn)庫(kù)的時(shí)候發(fā)現(xiàn)了普拉瑪介紹上林湖越窯遺址的文章，特別是第一次發(fā)現(xiàn)普拉瑪本人在上林湖荷花芯窯址拍攝的照片，部分照片此前從未在國(guó)內(nèi)期刊文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道中看到過(guò)，彌足珍貴。
Xu has had a long-standing passion for Yue Kiln celadon.In 2021, he discovered clues that Plumer had visited Shanglin Lake from pictures shared by a porcelain teacup collector in Beijing, though the details were scant.On Chinese New Year 2024, Xu made a significant breakthrough while looking up information in English-language academic archives. He found Plumer’s earliest article introducing the Yue Kiln site at Shanglin Lake and, for the first time, uncovered Plumer’s photographs from the Hehuaxin Kiln site (named “Kiln-Site I” by Plumer), some of which had never been seen in Chinese publications. These images, taken in July 1935, are of immense historical value.
志愿者希望普拉瑪后人來(lái)慈溪
An Invitation to Plumer’s Descendants
在徐偉明看來(lái)，根據(jù)今天的考古研究成果，普拉瑪當(dāng)初發(fā)表的一些學(xué)術(shù)觀點(diǎn)也有不足或偏頗。
Xu points out that some of Plumer’s statements are inaccurate based on today’s archaeological findings.
比如，普拉瑪分享的瓷器標(biāo)本照片中把荷花芯窯址處收集的數(shù)件唐代越瓷說(shuō)成宋代，把一件龍泉五管瓶明器說(shuō)成產(chǎn)自越窯。但整體而言，普拉瑪對(duì)上林湖越窯與秘色瓷的研究領(lǐng)先于他所處的時(shí)代。
For instance, in the captions of porcelain shard photographs, Plumer described several Tang Dynasty Yue porcelain pieces from the Hehuaxin Kiln site as being from the Song Dynasty. He also mistakenly identified a five-duct ware, a burial offering made in Longquan, Zhejiang, as originating from the Yue Kiln. However, Xu acknowledges that overall, Plumer’s research on the Yue Kilns and Mi-se Porcelain of Shanglin Lake was far ahead of his time.
普拉瑪用三篇文章，將上林湖越窯遺址推向了世界。這三篇文章既有在英國(guó)發(fā)表的，也有在美國(guó)發(fā)表的，其中兩篇還被翻譯成了日文刊登，這些都讓上林湖越窯遺址以及越窯秘色瓷得到廣泛傳播。他的文章還為上林湖引來(lái)了一些國(guó)際陶瓷研究者，為秘色瓷文化遺產(chǎn)贏得了國(guó)際關(guān)注。
Plumer brought global attention to the Shanglin Lake Yue Kiln Site through his three articles published in both the UK and the US, with two translated into Japanese. These publications not only disseminated knowledge about the Shanglin Lake Yue Kiln Site and its Mi-se Porcelain but also attracted international ceramic researchers to Shanglin Lake, garnering widespread recognition for this cultural heritage.
令人振奮的是，徐偉明還通過(guò)上海紐約大學(xué)?藝術(shù)史副教授左拉拉的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了普拉瑪在二戰(zhàn)中的這段歷史貢獻(xiàn)。
It is exciting that through the research of Lala Zuo, Associate Professor of Art History at New York University Shanghai, Xu Weiming also discovered Plama's historical contributions during World War II.
由于普拉瑪對(duì)中國(guó)的了解，二戰(zhàn)期間，他與以梁思成為代表的學(xué)者開展合作，完成了《中國(guó)古跡地圖及清單》，呈送給了陳納德將軍的美軍第14航空隊(duì)指揮部，為中國(guó)戰(zhàn)區(qū)的文物與古跡免遭空襲破壞做出了新的貢獻(xiàn)，他也被授予“古跡衛(wèi)士”。
Due to Plumer’s extensive knowledge of China, during World War II, he collaborated with Liang Sicheng, the renowned Chinese architecture historian, and other Chinese and American scholars to complete the “Map and List of Chinese Heritage Sites”. This map was presented to Major General Claire Lee Chennault’s 14th U.S. Army Air Force Command, aiding in the protection of cultural relics and heritage sites from air raids in the China war zone. For this invaluable contribution, he earned the title “Defender of Heritage”.
1960年6月15日普拉瑪去世后，他在上林湖越窯遺址采集的標(biāo)本留在了密歇根大學(xué)安娜堡校區(qū)的藝術(shù)博物院、人類學(xué)考古博物館、凱爾西考古博物館和哈佛大學(xué)藝術(shù)博物館。
After Plumer’s death on June 15, 1960, the Yue Kilns porcelain shards he collected from Shanglin Lake remained in the collections of the Museum of Art, the Museum of Anthropological Archaeology, and the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology on the Ann Arbor campus of the University of Michigan, as well as the Harvard University Art Museum.
2017年密歇根大學(xué)慶祝建校200周年，精選了200件學(xué)校收藏的代表性歷史器物并展覽，其中1件為普拉瑪教授20世紀(jì)30年代從浙江慈溪上林湖荷花芯越窯窯址帶回的側(cè)把壺。
In 2017, the University of Michigan celebrated its 200th anniversary by selecting and exhibiting 200 representative historical artifacts from its collections. Among them was a side-handle teapot brought back by Professor Plama in the 1930s from the Hehuaxin Yue Kiln site in Shanglin Lake, Cixi, Zhejiang.
“我希望密歇根大學(xué)的這些博物館能和我們慈溪的越窯青瓷博物館成為友好姊妹館，共同推進(jìn)越窯秘色瓷的研究，也希望找到普拉瑪?shù)暮笕?，?qǐng)他們到上林湖來(lái)看看，讓普拉瑪家族和上林湖再續(xù)前緣?！?/span>
“I hope that these museums at the University of Michigan could consider forming a partnership with Cixi’s Yue Kiln Celadon Museum to jointly advance the research of Yue Kiln Mi-se Porcelain. Additionally, I hope to find the descendants of Plumer and invite them to visit Shanglin Lake, so that the Plumer family and Shanglin Lake could continue our friendship.”
在徐偉明看來(lái)，再美的越窯青瓷也是器物，而器物背后的人，才是有溫度的、多彩的。
In Xu’s view, even the most exquisite Yue Kiln celadon is just an object; it is the people behind these artifacts that imbue them with warmth and vibrancy.
封面/題圖：寧波發(fā)布特約攝影師 沈贊贊
文字：楊靜雅、崔引 翻譯：潘雯婕、王思喻
鳴謝：寧波大學(xué)浙江翻譯研究院
編輯：裘新蕾
來(lái)源：寧波發(fā)布、寧波晚報(bào)
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